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1.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 28(6): 440-445, Dec. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-573972

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To survey a large sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Mexico City to determine if patient experience, access to basic services, treatment, and outcomes differed between those with social security coverage and those without. METHODS: From 2001-2007 a total of 1 000 individuals with T2DM were surveyed in outpatient clinics of the three largest public ophthalmology hospitals in Mexico City. Patients reported information about their health status and receipt of basic diabetes services, such as laboratory glycemic monitoring and diabetes education. Rates were compared between those with (n = 461) and without (n = 539) social security. RESULTS: Almost half of the patients (46 percent) in these public facilities were social security patients that were unable to access other services and had to pay out-of-pocket for care. Half of respondents were originally identified as potentially diabetic based on symptom complaints (51 percent), including 11 percent with visual impairment. Most patients (87.9 percent) reported that their glycemic level was being monitored exclusively via fasting blood glucose testing or random capillary blood glucose tests; only 5.3 percent reported ever having a glycated hemoglobin test. While nearly all respondents reported an individual physician encounter ever, only 39 percent reported ever receiving nutrition counseling and only 21 percent reported attending one or more sessions of diabetes education in their lifetime. Processes of care and outcomes were no different in patients with and those without social security coverage. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, the quality of diabetes care is poor. Despite receiving social security, many patients still have to pay out-of-pocket to access needed care. Without policy changes that address these barriers to comprehensive diabetes management, scientific achievements in diagnosis and pharmacotherapy will have limited impact.


OBJETIVO: Determinar si hay diferencias en cuanto a las experiencias de atención de la diabetes, el acceso a los servicios básicos, el tratamiento y la evolución clínica entre las personas que disponen o no de seguro social de salud mediante la encuesta de una muestra amplia de pacientes que padecen diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la Ciudad de México. MÉTODOS: Se encuestó a 1 000 pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en la consulta externa de los tres hospitales públicos de oftalmología más importantes de la Ciudad de México. Los pacientes proporcionaron información acerca de su estado de salud y su experiencia respecto de la atención básica de diabetes; por ejemplo, el control de la glucemia mediante análisis de laboratorio y la información que recibieron acerca de la enfermedad. Se compararon los datos estadísticos entre quienes disponían de un seguro social de salud (n = 461) y quienes carecían de este tipo de seguro (n = 539). RESULTADOS: Casi la mitad de los pacientes (46 por ciento) que se atienden en estos hospitales públicos disponen de seguro social de salud, pero no pudieron acceder a otros servicios y debieron pagar de su bolsillo para recibir atención. La mitad de los entrevistados (51 por ciento) eran pacientes que habían sido considerados presuntos diabéticos a partir de los síntomas que habían referido, de los cuales 11 por ciento presentaron discapacidad visual. La mayoría de los pacientes (87,9 por ciento) refirieron que solo se controlaban mediante análisis glucemia en ayunas o análisis aleatorios (sin ayunar) de una muestra de sangre capilar; solo 5,3 por ciento refirieron que alguna vez se habían efectuado el análisis de glucohemoglobina (HbA1c). Si bien prácticamente la totalidad de los encuestados refirieron haber tenido alguna consulta médica, solo 39 por ciento informaron haber recibido orientación nutricional en alguna ocasión y solo 21 por ciento refirieron haber asistido a una o más sesiones informativas sobre la diabetes. ...


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , /drug therapy , Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy , Hospitals, Special/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Urban/statistics & numerical data , Ophthalmology , Quality of Health Care , Blood Glucose/analysis , Counseling/statistics & numerical data , /blood , /diagnosis , /economics , /epidemiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/economics , Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Surveys , Hospitals, Special/economics , Hospitals, Urban/economics , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Mexico/epidemiology , Patient Education as Topic , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Social Security/economics , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors
2.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 28(1): 49-57, July 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-557991

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two alternatives to the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test for diabetes screening in Latin America. METHODS: Eight hundred adults without diabetes were recruited in a primary care clinic in Honduras. An equation-based screening formula, incorporating a random capillary glucose test and other risk factors, was used for initial screening. All patients with a screening-based probability of diabetes > 20 percent, plus one-fifth of those with a probability < 20 percent, were asked to return for FPG and point-of-care hemoglobin A1c (POC-A1c) tests. An FPG > 126 milligrams per deciliter and a POC-A1c > 6.5 percent were used as gold standards to assess the performance of the screening equation. The association between the POC-A1c and the FPG tests was examined as were patient factors associated with failure to return for follow-up and variation in diabetes risk across subgroups. RESULTS: The screening equation had excellent test characteristics compared with FPG and POC-A1c. Using the FPG gold standard, the POC-A1c had a sensitivity of 77.8 percent and a specificity of 84.9 percent. With an A1c cutoff of 7 percent, POC-A1c specificity increased to 96.2 percent. Thirty-four percent of patients asked to return for follow-up testing failed to do so. Those who failed to return were more likely to be men and to have hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Both the screening equation and POC-A1c are reasonable alternatives to an FPG test for identifying patients with diabetes. Given the barriers to currently recommended screening procedures, these options could have important public health benefits in Latin America.


OBJETIVO: Evaluar dos alternativas a la prueba de glucemia en ayunas para el tamizaje de la diabetes en América Latina. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 800 adultos sin diabetes que acudían a un dispensario de atención primaria en Honduras. Para el tamizaje inicial se utilizó una fórmula de tamizaje mediante la aplicación de ecuaciones, que incluía una prueba aleatoria de la concentración de glucosa capilar y otros factores de riesgo. A todos los pacientes cuyos tamizajes revelaron una probabilidad de diabetes > 20 por ciento, y a una quinta parte de los pacientes con una probabilidad < 20 por ciento, se les solicitó que regresaran para un examen de glucemia en ayunas y para una de glucohemoglobina (HbA1c) en el lugar de atención. Se utilizaron los siguientes criterios de referencia para evaluar el desempeño de la ecuación del tamizaje: glucemia en ayunas > 126 mg por decilitro y HbA1c > 6,5 por ciento. Se analizó la asociación entre las prueba de HbA1c y la de glucemia en ayunas, así como los factores de los pacientes asociados con faltas a las citas de seguimiento y la variación del riesgo de diabetes a través de los subgrupos. RESULTADOS: La ecuación de tamizaje presentó excelentes características de análisis en comparación con el examen de glucosa en ayunas y con la prueba de HbA1c. Usando el criterio de referencia del examen de glucosa en ayunas, el HbA1c mostró una sensibilidad de 77,8 por ciento y una especificidad de 84,9 por ciento. Con un límite de A1c de 7 por ciento, la especificidad de la prueba de HbA1c aumentó a 96,2 por ciento. No se presentaron para el seguimiento de la prueba 34 por ciento de los pacientes a quienes se les solicitó que regresaran. La probabilidad de no regresar para el seguimiento fue mayor en hombres y que tenían hipertensión. CONCLUSIONES: Tanto la ecuación de tamizaje como la prueba HbA1c son alternativas razonables al examen de glucosa en ayunas. Teniendo en cuenta las barreras actuales a la aplicación de los procedimientos de tamizaje recomendados, estas opciones podrían representar beneficios importantes para la salud pública en América Latina.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , /diagnosis , Ambulatory Care Facilities , Honduras , Rural Health
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(6): 729-737, jun. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-567568

ABSTRACT

Background: Telephone based self-management support may improve the metabolic control of patients with type 2 (DM2) diabetes if it is coordinated with primary care centers, if telephone protocols and clinical guidelines are used and if it is provided by nurses trained in motivational interviewing. Aim: To assess the efficacy ofi a tele-care self-management support model (ATAS) on metabolic control of patients with DM2 attending primary care centers in a low income area in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Two primary care centers were randomly assigned to continue with usual care (control group, CG) or to receive additionally 6 telecare self-management support interventions (IG) during a 15 month period. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to measure metabolic control of DM2; the “Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Measure” and the “Spanish Diabetes Self-efficacy” scale were used to measure self-management and self efficacy, respectively. Changes in the use of health services were also evaluated. Results: The IG maintained its HbA1c level (baseline and final levels of 8.3 ± 2.3 percent and 8.5 ± 2.2 percent respectively) whereas it deteriorated in the CG (baseline and final levels of 7.4 ± 2.3 and 8.8 ± 2.3 percent respectively, p < 0.001). The perception of self-efficacy in the IG improved while remaining unchanged in the CG (p < 0.001). Adherence to medication, physical activity and foot care did not change in either group. In the IG, compliance to clinic visits increased while emergency care visits decreased. Conclusions: The ATAS intervention, in low income primary care centers, significantly increased the probability of stabilizing the metabolic control of patients with DM2 and improved their use of health services.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , /nursing , Patient-Centered Care/methods , Self Care , Telephone , Chile , /blood , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Poverty , Primary Health Care
4.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 27(1): 1-9, jan. 2010. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-577029

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Identificar estrategias innovadoras dirigidas a mejorar el cuidado y el autocuidado de los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas (EC) en América Latina y explorar el interés en crear una red latinoamericana de profesionales en ese campo. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo exploratorio basado en una encuesta aplicada a expertos clave con reconocido liderazgo nacional o regional en la atención de pacientes con EC. El cuestionario de 25 preguntas recababa información sobre su experiencia en iniciativas de cuidado y autocuidado de pacientes con EC, la descripción de las iniciativas exitosas, la percepción de la capacidad de los países para innovar en este ámbito y el interés en participar en una red de profesionales latinoamericanos en ese campo, entre otras. Se realizó un análisis de contenidos para elaborar recomendaciones para la Región. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo respuesta de 17 (37,8 por ciento) de los 45 expertos invitados; 82,4 por ciento afirmó conocer o participar en alguna iniciativa innovadora en el tema planteado. Existe un incipiente desarrollo de los tres tipos de estrategias innovadoras: cuidado por pares, cuidadores informales y telecuidado, esta última es la menos explorada. Hay un real interés en conformar una red latinoamericana para el desarrollo de estrategias innovadoras dirigidas al autocuidado de pacientes con EC. CONCLUSIONES: Las bases para una red de trabajo conjunto son promisorias y es prioritario fortalecer las competencias en esta área y desarrollar propuestas innovadoras para mejorar la atención de los pacientes con EC en la Región. Las medidas innovadoras deben ser complementarias y se deben ajustar al contexto específico de cada escenario.


OBJECTIVES: To identify innovative strategies for improved care and self-care of patients with chronic diseases (CD) in Latin America and to explore interest in creating a Latin American network of professionals in this field. METHODS: A descriptive study based on a survey of key experts with recognized national or regional leadership in CD patient care. The 25-question questionnaire sought information on their experiences with care and self-care initiatives for CD patients, descriptions of successful initiatives, the perceived ability of countries to innovate in this area, their interest in participating in a network of Latin American professionals in this field, and more. Content analysis was performed to develop recommendations for the Region. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 17 (37.8 percent) of the 45 experts approached; 82.4 percent confirmed their knowledge of of involvement with an innovative initiative related to the subject. Initial development does exist in each of the three innovative strategy types: peer care, informal caregivers, and telenursing, the latter being the least explored. There is real interest in forming a Latin American network that focuses on development of innovative self-care strategies for CD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Support for a joint network is promising. Priorities are building skills in this area and developing innovative proposals for improved CD patient care in the Region. Innovative measures should be complementary and adapted to the specific context of each scenario.


Subject(s)
Humans , Chronic Disease/therapy , Self Care/methods , Therapies, Investigational , Caregivers , Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Chronic Disease/nursing , Data Collection , Health Facility Administrators/psychology , Health Personnel/psychology , Latin America/epidemiology , Peer Group , Surveys and Questionnaires , Self-Help Groups , Social Support , Telenursing/organization & administration
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